Synthesis of Mesoporous Magnesium Phosphates with High Specific Surface Area by Thermal Degassing of Struvite
Abstract
Magnesium phosphates are of great interest as the main component of osteoconductive materials that undergo resorption in the human body and exhibit angiogenesis properties. A high specific surface area is a desirable property of such materials. The paper presents the results of a study on the production of mesoporous magnesium phosphate from struvite using a template-free method under various conditions. The surface properties of mesoporous products were studied using the BET method, and the pore sizes and volumes were determined. The influence of temperature, heat treatment time, and the struvite production method on the characteristics of the resulting product is shown. The composition and structure of the product with the best properties were studied using X-ray phase analysis and capillary electrophoresis. The study concludes that the method of obtaining struvite as a precursor material significantly influences the feasibility of obtaining a product with a developed surface area.
References
Devi, B., Lalzawmliana, V., Maktumkari, S., Kumar, V., Roy, M., & Nandi, S. (2022). Magnesium phosphate bioceramics for bone tissue engineering. The Chem. Rec., 22(11), e202200136. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202200136.
Kaiser, F., Schröter, L., Stein, S., Krüger, B., Weichhold, J., Stahlhut, P., Ignatius, A., & Gbureck, U. (2022). Accelerated bone regeneration through rational design of magnesium phosphate cements, Acta Biomaterialia, 145, 358–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.019.
Den Hollander, W., Patka, P., Klein, C.P., & Heidendal, G.A. (1991) Macroporous calcium phosphate ceramics for bone substitution: a tracer study on biodegradation with 45Ca tracer. Biomaterials, 12(6), 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(91)90053-D.
Metsger, D.S., Dephilip, R.M., & Hayes, T.G. (1993). An autoradiographic study of calcium phosphate ceramic bone implants in turkeys. Clin Orthopaedic and Rel Res, 291, 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199306000-00033.
Schröter, L., Kaiser, F., Küppers, O., Stein, S., Krüger, B., Wohlfahrt, P., Geroneit, I., Stahlhut, P., Grubeck, U., & Ignatus, A. (2024). Improving bone defect healing using magnesium phosphate granules with tailored degradation characteristics. Dental materials, 40(3), 508–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2023.12.019.
Fu, W., Yuan, X., Feng, S., Ye, J., & He, F. (2023). Fabrication of nanocrystalline magnesium phosphate-based composite bioceramics using magnesium-containing phosphate glass as sintering additives, Ceram. Int., 49(14), 23893–23902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.04.238.
Chen, T., Shuai, W., Fu, W., Li, Y., Wen, R., Fu, Q., He, F., & Yang, H. (2024). Improving mechanical strength and osteo-stimulative capacity of 3D-printed magnesium phosphate ceramic scaffolds by magnesium silicate additives. Ceram. Int., 50(21), 43458–43465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.08.197.
Golafshan, N., Vorndran, E., Zaharievski, S., Brommer, H., Kadumudi, F. B., Dolatshahi-Pirouz, A., Gbureck, U., van Weeren, R., Castilho, M., & Malda, J. (2020). Tough magnesium phosphate-based 3D-printed implants induce bone regeneration in an equine defect model. Biomaterials, 261, 120302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120302.
He, P., Zhao, Y., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Li, M., Chu, C., Xu, B., & Cong, Y. (2024). An injectable and absorbable magnesium phosphate bone cement designed for osteoporotic fractures. Mater. Today. Chem., 38, 102086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.102086.
Gao, Z., Liu, J., Zhang, M., Chen, P., Goto, T., Tu, R., & Dai, H. (2025). Multi-crosslinked network magnesium phosphate bone cement with high flexural properties. Ceram. Int., 51(21), 34377–34389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.05.162.
Otto, P.F., Dümmler, N., Baumeister, F., Dehnel, J., Fuchs, J., Gbureck, D., Lochner, T., & Grubeck, U. (2025). Struvite and (K)-struvite cements with variable phase composition-controlled degradation profiles. JACS., 108, e70080. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.70080.
Fuchs, A., Kreczy, D., Brückner, T., Gbureck, U., Stahlhut, P., Bengel, M., Hoess, A., Nies, B., Bator, J., Klammert, U., Linz, C., & Ewald, A. (2022). Bone regeneration capacity of newly developed spherical magnesium phosphate cement granules. Clin. Oral. Investig., 26(3), 2619–2633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-04231-w.
Elhadad, A., Mezour, M.A., Abu Nada, L., Shurbaji, S., Mansour, A., Smith, S., Moussa, H., Lee, L., Pérez-Soriano, E.M., Murshed, M., Chromik, R., & Tamimi, F. 2D magnesium phosphate resorbable coating to enhance cell adhesion on titanium surfaces. Mater. Chem. and Phys., 316, 129114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129114.
Lee, J., Farag, M., Park, E. K., Lim, J., & Yun, H.S. (2014). A simultaneous process of 3D magnesium phosphate scaffold fabrication and bioactive substance loading for hard tissue regeneration. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 36, 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.12.007.
El-Sayed, S. A. M., ElShebiney, S., Beherei, H. H., Kumar, P., Choonara, Y. E., & Mabrouk, M. (2024). Copper-doped magnesium phosphate nanopowders for critical size calvarial bone defect intervention. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 112(2), e35376. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.35376.
Lanzino, M.C., Höppel, A., Le, L.-Q., Morelli, S., Killinger, M., Mayr, M., Gbureck, U., & Seidenstuecker, M. (2025). Biodegradable, antibacterial TCP implant coatings with magnesium phosphate‐based supraparticles. J. of Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 113(7), e37963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37963.
Wehl, L., Schirnding, C. V., Bayer, M.C., Zhuzhgova, O,. Engelke, H., & Bein, T. (2022). Mesoporous biodegradable magnesium phosphate-citrate nanocarriers amplify methotrexate anticancer activity in HeLa cells. Bioconjugate Chem., 33, 566–575. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00565.
Höppel, A., Bahr, O., Ebert, R., Popp, C., Gbureck, U., & Dembski, S.. (2025). Cu‐doped magnesium phosphate supraparticles: A promising material for bone tissue regeneration. JACS, 108, e70048. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.70048.
Chaudhari, V.S., Kushram, P., & Bose S. (2024). Drug delivery strategies through 3D-printed calcium phosphate. Trends in Biotechnology, 42(11), 1396–1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.05.006.
Luan, X., Li, J., Liu, L., & Yang, Z. (2019). Preparation and characteristics of porous magnesium phosphate cement modified by diatomite. Mat. Chem. and Phys, 235:121742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.121742.
Hövelmann, J., Stawski, T.M., Besselink, R., Feeman, H.M., Dietmann, K.M., Mayanna, S., Pauw, B.R., & Benning, L.G. (2019). A template-free and low temperature method for the synthesis of mesoporous magnesium phosphate with uniform pore structure and high surface area. Nanoscale, 11(14), 6939–6951. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR09205B.
Lin, R., & Ding, Y. (2013). A Review on the Synthesis and Applications of Mesostructured Transition Metal Phosphates. Materials, 6(1), 217–243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6010217.
Kuznetsova Yu.V., Vol’khin V.V., & Permyakova I.A. (2022). Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus in processing of aqueous production wastes by precipitation of struvite using an active intermediate as a reagent. Russian J. Appl. Chem., 95(4), 588–601. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427222040164.
Zhenyu, L., Jueshi, Q., Zhongyuan, L., Qian, L., & Qiulin, Z. (2012). Rapid Synthesis of Dittmarite by Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 12, 968396. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/968396.
Dan L., Lili M., & Haizeng W. (2019). Preparation of uniform newberyite crystal in nonaqueous system. Materials Letters, 240, 169–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.01.016.
Copyright (c) 2025 Evgeniya O. Gladkikh, Irina A. Permyakova, Yuliya V. Kuznetsova, and Galina V. Leont’eva
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
